The Game Theory and Long Run Marginal Cost in Microeconomics Term Paper

The Game Theory and Long Run Marginal Cost in Microeconomics - Term Paper Example The numerical investigation of these circumstances is called game hypothesis and was initially evolved by Von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1944. As the subject creates, it has picked up acknowledgment, especially in business, legislative issues and with the military. In 1994 the Nobel Prize for Economics was granted to Harsanyi, Nash, and Selten for their commitments to Game Theory. The second piece of the paper includes the investigation of the since a long time ago run minimal expense. The since quite a while ago run minor cost bend shows the adjustment in complete expense coming about because of an adjustment underway when all data sources including capital and plant size are variable. This paper examines the various instances of since quite a while ago run cost bend with the classifications of profits to scale. Here we just consider two person’s lose-lose situations. These are games with two players typically called An and B wherein any play of the game the measure of As increase rises to the measure of Bs misfortune (so the entirety of the two players gains is zero). We allude to As addition and Bs misfortune all through the hypothesis yet normally, B can dominate matches so As gain isn't generally positive. Our article is to locate the best procedure for every player. By a best procedure we imply that in the event that A (state) digresses from this methodology then B can adjust Bs system to acquire than if An adhered to the best technique. Unadulterated Strategies: To comprehend the game we as a matter of first importance search for an unadulterated system. This happens when the best technique for every player is to pick a similar alternative for all plays of the game. In the event that there is an unadulterated methodology, A plays iâ and B play j (state), at that point the ijth component (the result to A for each play) is known as a seat point. Blended Strategies and Dominance: If there is no unadulterated technique then we search for a blended methodology which implies every player blends their choices in specific extents. Illuminating the game methods deciding these extents for this situation.

Get Born free essay sample

Flies new CD, Get Born, is fantastic. This Australian band grew up tuning in to exemplary gatherings like The Who and The Beatles, and it is anything but difficult to hear the awesome impact. With their numerous instruments and styles, they bring back an old stone feel that numerous groups have deserted. This CD has the more seasoned AC/DC, Bachman-Turner Overdrive blended in with some more up to date sounds. Last Chance starts like some other tune yet advances with a beat that out of nowhere catches the audience members eye. I was in a split second helped to remember AC/DC. It has the style of an old stone tune and makes certain to turn into a moment top pick. The third melody, Rollover D.J., is splendid. Fly takes the harmony changes of Bachman-Turner Overdrives Takin Care of Business and includes their own unmistakable style. The most remarkable part is the console blasting with the extraordinary sound of an old stone organ. We will compose a custom exposition test on Get Born or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This CD highlights instruments most groups overlook, including the slide guitar and tambourine, which assist Jet with bringing back that old stone feel. All the tunes put me as a primary concern of the ?s with basic stone sounds and an intriguing blend of instruments. Call me nostalgic, yet this band helps me to remember when rock implied something.

The Best Transfer Essay of 2019 TKG

The Best Transfer Essay of 2019 We’ve written a lot about the creative process as it relates to writing college essays. You have to ask yourself hard-hitting questions, get vulnerable, and show a side of yourself you might not initially feel comfortable broadcasting to a team of admissions counselors. This advice applies to all essays, but there’s an additional task at hand when it comes to writing a transfer essay. Along with all of the above, you must also make a case for yourself as to WHY you want to transfer, and why the school you’re applying to is the only place in the world where you can find what you need. It’s true that you have a lot to prove with a transfer essay, but that doesn’t mean your essay has to sound like a legal argument. This essay hits all of the marks and doesn’t sound like it was written by a lawyer/robot. My favorite transfer essay from 2019 begins with the below: “I’ve loved reading history books for as long as I can remember, and growing up I read them the way most p eople read Harry Potter. When I was in middle school, I was captivated by the history of the Three Kingdoms. A few years later in high school, I became obsessed with the history of the Qing Dynasty. When I got to college I took a class on the history of espionage. I immediately dedicated myself to an independent study, as I wanted to dive into the role of the Chinese Communist intelligence and the Nationalist intelligence during the Second Sino-Japanese War and how that served as a factor that influenced the outcome of the Chinese Civil War. I’ve spent the last four months analyzing this topic and I need access to specific documents to finish my thesis.” The first ~140 words of this essay provide a glimpse, albeit a brief one, into the background story of this student. The first paragraph is short but it sets a scene. Had this essay started with a harsh demand of needing highly specific thesis documents, it would be pretty hard for an admission counselor to warm up to the studen t. Instead, she explains (in as few words as possible, because we’re only working with 650 words here) exactly why she likes what she likes. Our student didn’t randomly decide on a thesis and then decide to transfer just for fun. She grew up loving history, immediately took a class that was related to that interest, and then decided to do an independent study that lead to her thesis topic. Jumping to the middle of the essay:   “I did an independent study at [school], but the professor that oversaw my research was not an expert in my field of interest.”There are two things I love about this sentence and the paragraph that follows. The first thing is that this sentence shows exactly how our student made the best of the resources that she had at her disposal. It’s not enough to say “my major isn’t available, so I’m taking general classes until I get to where I really want to be.” You need to show admission counselors that you’re doing what you can with what you ha ve. Writing about conducting an independent study at a school that lacks expertise in your field of interest is a great way to do that. Secondly, you should never talk negatively about your current school. This sentence explains plainly that the resources are not available, but she doesn’t harp on her school. It’s not dramatic. Plus, no one likes a complainer.What follows this sentence is an incredibly specific list of classes and professors that our student spent hours researching. Reasons for wanting to transfer should be followed with things (extracurricular activities, classes, professors, programs, etc.) that you plan to undertake once you get accepted.   Towards the end of the essay, the focus shifts to things our student is looking for outside of the classroom. It would be easy to get up caught up with purely academic reasons here, but instead, she shows what else she plans to do with her time. “My goal is to attend a school with a strong Chinese history program that sh ares the same deep appreciation of Chinese history and culture as I do.”This is not a throwaway sentence. This sentiment relates back to our student’s genuine love for Chinese history and her Taiwanese roots.   If this sentence was used early in the essay, an admissions counselor might think “well…why?” But when you read the rest of the essay, her appreciation of Chinese culture is made completely clear. All of the classes, professors, and cultural events written about (along with the reason for WHY she’s interested) relate back to both her thesis and background. An important note on reasons for why you want to take certain classes: When you’re looking at a course catalog, there are (hopefully) many classes that sound interesting. Who wouldn’t want to learn about the gross overuse of plastic or the evolution of Jazz music? But we can’t stress enough how important it is to dissect the syllabus and find specific areas of interest to write about. So, it’s not “I w ant to take Macroeconomics because I look Micro last year and it’s the logical next step.” In this essay, our student wrote about reading material, optional class trips, supplemental documents, and even midterm writing prompt to explain why she’s interested. Working on this essay was one of the most rewarding experiences I’ve had because together, we were able to write incredibly detailed and specific essays that resonated deeply with our student. Writing transfer essays can be overwhelming but we were able to find out what’s most important and focus on those aspects with a personal touch.   Want help crafting your essay? Contact us here.

Essay Justifying the War the in Iraq - 1011 Words

Justifying the War the in Iraq Early last year, the latest Gulf War broke out, and, within weeks, British and American leaders claimed that peace would prevail: that the fighting had ended. More than six months after the end of the war, soldiers, and Iraqis, are still dying. What went wrong? Was Bush lying all along, or did he just make a mistake? I think that the answer to this question is obvious: Bush and Blair, or Bliar, as anti-war campaigners call him, have lying to us all along. Before the war, the UN vetoed the war, until such time as there was any proof that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Bush and Blair, however, decided to ignore the clearly superior views of†¦show more content†¦One of Bushs main excuses for the war was that Saddam and broken too many laws. However, it is quite obvious that he was just being greedy, and was doing for the money. Also, the State of Israel has broken just as many UN laws. Has America waged war against them, in support of Palestine? No. In fact, quite the opposite! Britain and America have been freely selling arms to Israel, knowing that they would be used against Palestinians. (Therefore, we in Britain should, no, must boycott Israeli and American goods (Israeli goods have a bar code beginning with 0810).) What has been gained by this war? The answer is nothing. At least, nothing positive: At least twenty thousand Iraqi civilians have been injured, and the Iraqi death toll is estimated to be between eight and ten thousand! The UNs word about permission for a legal war now counts for nothing: having ignored it once, why will Britain and America bother obeying it in the future? And this war has cost billions of dollars. Only a week and a half ago George Bush put forward another six billion dollars! And that is English billions, not American, so that is $6,000,000,000,000! And then, having lied to us, and gone against what, we, the population wanted, Blair invited over his playmate to Britain. But, ofShow MoreRelatedJack Harkness, A Time Traveler847 Words   |  4 Pagesis worth any cost, the ends justifying the means is only true in regards to societal preservation. In the homeschool community, many people I knew where highly critical of Abraham Lincoln and his actions. I have had friends call him a monster, the worst president of the United States, a destroyer of states’ rights and individual freedoms, a dictator, and much worse. They cite excellent references where Lincoln shut down the press or executed people during the civil war, and yes, this did happen. ButRead MoreThe Bombing Of The Islamic Government Of Iran889 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the recent massacres happening in Iraq and Syria, we can gather that Washington has trampled on a path which has been seen as a way to redefine the war in Iraq, an effective scheme to bring the com mand of Assad to its crumbling demises and to recalibrate an inclusive plan to collapse the Islamic Government of Iran. Immediately coinciding with the withdrawal of US forces from Iraq, an organized string of deadly explosions gripped Iraq, leading to the massacre of dozens of civilians. MultipleRead MoreUnited States Involvement in Organized Conspiracy 1184 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Involvement in Organized Conspiracy Was the war in Iraq a means to improve national security or a conspiracy to seek personal satisfaction? On March 19, 2003 a war was waged under public scrutiny, to destroy the Baathist regime headed by the Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein. This pivotal point in United States history marked the beginning of public concern about political corruption within our government as a means to convey personal satisfaction. National security became the groundRead MoreGeorge Bush and His War Against Terrorism Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Bush and His War Against Terrorism When George W Bush came to the presidential office of America at the beginning of the year 2000, there was already a lot of controversy that surrounded him. He was appointed Governor of Texas in 1995 and as of 7:30pm, December 7, 2000, 152 people have been executed during Bushs office as governor. This makes Texas Governor George W Bush the most-killing Governor, in the history of the United States of America. This list canRead MoreDivine Right of Kings in Oedipus and Modern Society1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Press when he stated, I am a war presidentÂ…with war on my mind (Scheer). In October of 2002, President Bush spoke before Congress in an effort to pass the Iraq War Resolution. This bill would grant President Bush absolute power and authority over military actions and war in Iraq. The bill was ratified on October 16, 2002, justifying war under the pretenses that Iraqs WMD supply directly threatened the United States. Shockingly, Bushs proposed Iraq War Resolution passed with very littleRead MoreEssay The Invasion of Iraq was Illegal1703 Words   |  7 Pagesdictatorship warranted war, then we might also need to invade Zaire, Zimbabwe, Syria, Libya, China, and a host of other countries† (Babka) . This is a common argument that has been brought up by others who believe the invasion of Iraq was illegal. However, the failed diplomatic policies of the United States are what led to the failed invasion of Iraq. George W. Bush sent an invasion to Iraq with only Congress approving his â€Å"Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002†.Read MoreA Brief Look at the Persian Gulf War1479 Words   |  6 PagesPersian Gulf War, also called Gulf War, (1990–91), international conflict that was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990. Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, ordered the invasion and occupation of Kuwait with the apparent aim of acquiring that nation’s large oil reserves, canceling a large debt Iraq owed Kuwait, and expanding Iraqi power in the region1. The Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein claimed as a reason for the invasion a territorial dispute over the Shatt al-Arab, the waterway whichRead MoreEssay on Just War Doctrine And The Gulf Conflict1275 Words   |  6 Pages Just War Doctrine and the Gulf Conflict nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In evaluating US involvement in the Iraq conflict in terms of the Just War Doctrine - jus ad bellum and jus in bello - it is my opinion that the US adhered to the Doctrine in its entirety. The US acted justly both in its entering into the Gulf conflict (jus ad bellum) and in its conduct while in the conflict (jus in bello). To support this opinion I will individually address the co parts that constitute the Just War DoctrineRead MoreTypes Of Enemy Labelling Is An Appropriate Way Of Analysing Its Arguments1232 Words   |  5 PagesWhile Aday’s analysis is well-researched, it can be argued that the importance of the variable ‘enemy labelling’ has been overstated. From Tables 5 and 6, the coverage on NBC shows the enemy in Iraq to be called â€Å"insurgents† whereas they are â€Å"terrorists† at FNC. In Afghanistan, at NBC, they are labelled â€Å"Taliban† or â€Å"Taliban and al Qaeda† differing to FNC’s use of â€Å"terrorist† or â€Å"jihadist†. While the differences in the terms used to describe the enemy is interesting to note, this does not furtherRead More The Effects of Reagan and Bush’s Policies in El Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Reagan and Bush’s Policies in El Salvador and Iraq United States foreign policy, since the Cold War, has been driven by ideology: good versus evil, capitalism versus communism, and democracy versus totalitarianism. America’s foreign policy objective from 1945 to 1991 was to contain communism, prompting Cold War calculus – the enemy of your enemy is your friend. The United States, following Cold War calculus, allied with unscrupulous leaders opposed to communism,

Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal - 1285 Words

Death Penalty, Constitutional or Not Imagine a family member of yours was unjustly framed with something he didn’t commit and he is sentenced to death penalty, how would you feel? Death sentence has been thrown back and forth with the argument that it is or it is not an acceptable way of punishing. Offenders are doing what they know best, breaking the law, but the government instead of fixing the problem by doing something better, the make it worse by taking another life from society, which can be considered a â€Å"crime†. The death penalty is currently being used by thirty-four out of the fifty in the United States. Death penalty often establishes the question, â€Å"Does the government have the right to take away someone’s life?† When death penalty claim another life, the people that get affected are the families of the ones being charged. Death penalty does not bring justice in this world, instead it takes the life of another human being, innocent or n ot. Death penalty should not exist because it is unconstitutional and affects the families of the person being charged with a certain case. Death sentence didn’t just come out of the blue, it had to come from somewhere and what inspired its creation The death penalty was established in the Eighteenth century, when Captain George Kendall became the first person to be executed in 1608. The death penalty dated back to when King Hammurabi existed as stated here. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org stated, â€Å"The first establishedShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal The death penalty should not be legal because of two major reasonings. These reasons are, the death penalty takes the lives of many innocent people, and it also costs too much. The death penalty should not be legal because innocent people are wrongly convicted and killed. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, it puts innocent lives at risk. At least 4.1% of all defendants sentenced to death in the United States in the modern era are innocent (DeathRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty can be traced all the way to biblical times when people were executed for many reasons such as: for not believing in their god(s), choosing to interact in sexual conduct while unmarried, stealing, murder, etc. The methods of execution back in those times were to either: stone, hang, slay, crucify, and burn not only the offender who committed the crime, but if he or she had a family, the entire family was executed with them as a warning to the people of their tribe or city to notRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Legal?985 Words   |  4 PagesBen Goble Mr. Newman English Comp. November 4, 2015 Should the Death Penalty be Legal? The death penalty, also called capital punishment, has been a topic of debate among the public for many years, gaining very little ground in changing the legality of it one way or the other. The topic is very controversial because many people feel that it is wrong to take the life of another person. On the other hand a very comparable number of people push for the legality of capital punishment for condemningRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1004 Words   |  5 Pagesabolish death penalty† (Bosman). In thirty-one states, federal government and military legal system, the death penalty is lawful. Even the Supreme Court has been changed direction of capital punishment. One day, it could be a legal and illegal by the Supreme Court. Most of European countries ban the death penalty except Belarus that if a criminal involve international terrorism, murdered, inhumane crime and the criminal receives death penalty. Nowadays, banned the death penalty becomeRead MoreDeath Penalty Should Be Legal943 Words   |  4 PagesDo you think that death penalty will give justice for the innocent lives? The death penalty continues to be an issue of controversy in the whole world because people have different beliefs for giving justice to the innocents. For some people, they want it legal because death penalty will give justice for the innocent victims and a form of vengeance to the criminals. On the flipside, other people don’t agree with it because a lot of innocents are putting into death. These people believe that it isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1573 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many legal issues that come along with the death penalty. Ratified on December 15, 1791, The United States Bill of Rights states in its eight amendment, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† (8th Amendment to the Constitutio n). The Supreme Court stated during the 1958 case of Trop v. Dulles, that the 8th amendment must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturingRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1555 Words   |  7 Pageshave on a person? The death penalty, or capital punishment, is one of the most debated topics in America. It has been used for centuries, but many claim it to be barbaric, and want the practice to end all together. The death penalty should only be used in cases where there is absolute evidence that the criminal is guilty, because life in prison can be an alternative, there are many flaws in the justice system, and it can be a cruel and unusual punishment. The death penalty is legal in 32 states, theRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1554 Words   |  7 Pagesreceive the death penalty. Some say it is what they deserve, while others say that it is a â€Å"cruel and unusual†punishment. States, such as New Jersey, have already banned the penalty, but some states are still pending on whether to have the penalty or to follow New Jersey’s path . If you were to go and ask people why they are against the death penalty, they would say it is because it goes against morality, constitutionality, and the irrevocable mistakes of putting the wrong person to death. WhenRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1553 Words   |  7 Pagescalled problems with our system of justice is the death penalty. Capital punishment in this country seems to have its pros and cons. There are more issues and complications with being sentenced to death, while the positives are minuscule. The death penalty should not be allowed in the United States, and there are many reasons for this argument. The death penalty has caused controversy in the country since it became popular. 31 states use the death penalty and is also used by the military. Its use isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal Essay2884 Words   |  12 Pagesis the death penalty - should it be legalized across the 50 states or be declared unconstitutional? Some believe the death penalty is a better option for those who deserve the highest form of punishment available. However, others argue capital punishment is a waste of resources and should be brought to an end. Therefore, while many believe the death penalty should be legalized throughout the United States because it offers a higher form of punishment, others believe the death penalty should be repealed

News Coverage And The Media Essay - 1802 Words

News coverage has changed dramatically throughout the years. The advancement of technology has helped the media advance by giving individuals a superior point of view of how the world is seen today and making traditional journalism less important. In addition, the expanding presence, speed and accessibility of advanced technology; phones, computers and other media such as apps, has allowed citizen journalists to report on breaking news not only to a bigger worldwide, but also more rapidly than conventional news correspondents. Many believe this type of news scope is essential to news coverage today; citizens’ being relatable, unlimited and accessible to capture pictures and footage of overall news as it breaks. However, have citizen journalists improved or compromised news coverage? Professional and citizen news coverage are both important to ensure the public gets the information that they need. Since news coverage has turned into a critical wellspring of gathering informatio n, the advantages and the disadvantages of citizen and traditional journalism and how they complement each others will be presented. There are both advantages and disadvantages of citizens providing news coverage. At first, here are a few disadvantages of this kind of news. For example, it poses difficulties to the audience about what to believe. Therefore, it will be difficult for individuals to choose what to accept, unlike traditional journalism, where it is safe to expect the information dispersedShow MoreRelatedNews Media and the Coverage of Darfur765 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ News Media and the Coverage of Darfur Our news media is as celebrity-obsessed as the rest of the nation. And why shouldnt it be? The articles and television news coverage of celebrities is going to sell a lot more magazines and draw in a lot more viewers than something depressing and/or hard to understand like a genocide. Lets face it, when people come home from a long, hard day at work, they want to be entertained, not forced to think of the bad things happening in the world. Plus, thanksRead MoreSocial Media And International News Coverage1520 Words   |  7 Pagesaffect the world’s response to the attack? The following will investigate two attacks that occurred in two very different parts of the world at relatively the same time and the reasons for the disparity in their attention on social media and international news coverage. The 2015 Baga Massacre occurred January 3-7 in the Nigerian town of Baga. The series of mass killings was committed by Boko Haram, a Salafi jihadist group. Boko Haram raided the regional Multinational Joint Task Force base, then turnedRead MoreThe Issue of Media and Responsible News Coverage878 Words   |  3 PagesOctober 14, 2013 Introduction The topic I chose to explore more in depth with is the issue of media and the ethics behind responsible news coverage. I wanted to examine the guidelines of media reporting as well as if proper aspects of responsibility, morality, and privacy is taking place when the news instantly reports on different public issues, crimes, and incidents around the country. For example, your child is at school when a gunman invades and openly shoots many other children and teachersRead MoreInternational News Coverage On Indian English Print Media Dailies Essay2485 Words   |  10 PagesInternational News Coverage in Indian English Print Media Dailies A Qualitative Content Analysis of The Times of India, The Hindu and The Indian Express Introduction India is home to one of the largest, most diverse print media sectors in the world. With a whopping 82237 newspapers registered as of 2012, out of which a staggering 11,478 are in English, the Indian media seems to be thriving and feeding an incredible number of people information every single day. Despite these overwhelminglyRead More‘News’ is media coverage of an event that occurs somewhere in the world and Communication experts600 Words   |  3 Pages‘News’ is media coverage of an event that occurs somewhere in the world and Communication experts have studied the criteria they believe to affect the integration of internal national events into local news. There is constantly something happening to someone in the world at any given second, so what criteria qualify an event as news (Galtung and Ruge 65, 2009)? Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge claim that events are understood culturally and by what will grasp the audience’s attention. They theorizeRead MorePower Of The Fourth Estate : How Does New Media Coverage On Polarized Criminal Justice?2420 Words   |  10 Pages Power of the Fourth Estate: How does new media coverage on polarized criminal justice cases influence case verdicts, public opinion and policy in the United States? The disbursement of accurate information is vital for the sustenance of a healthy democracy. It ensures that its citizens are equipped to make responsible, informed decisions pertaining to matters that affect their daily lives. In the United States, the media is referred to as the fourth estate or fourth branch of government (alongsideRead MoreWho Takes Advantage Of Media Coverage?1379 Words   |  6 Pages Who takes Advantage of Media Coverage? Tyasia Senega American River College Media Research Projects Professor Wilbur Johnson November 25th, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract Media coverage over the years has expanded quickly with the help of new age technology, forcing today’s society on total reliance of media coverage. With the news in the palm of our hands, we are constantly being updated on worldwide dilemmas every second, but who takes advantage of coverage? Using coverage for the downfall of others orRead MoreMedia Managing Research Paper Overview 1203 Words   |  5 Pagesassume that a firm’s media coverage is an exogenous result of actual news about the firm. In this paper I show that firms actively manage the quantity of media coverage they receive, increasing coverage of good news and decreasing coverage of bad news. Firms do this media managing by including â€Å"media experts† on their board of directors. That is, coverage in the news media is, in part, a choice that firms make. Here is an example that describes the expectations of firms from media experts I considerRead MoreMedia Should Be After A Disaster878 Words à ‚  |  4 Pagesbroadcast of entertainment shows, such　as TV variety shows, and then they had only the news about the Great East Japan Earthquake for a while. It happened not only after the disaster but also, after the 9/11 attacks; after a disaster, the media tends to have extensive coverage that is focus on almost just a disaster. (Houston, Pfefferbaum, Reyes, 2008) I have recognized how grin the disaster was, but the extensive coverage was so disgusting for me, and it made the feeling â€Å"Let me leave from TV, I do notRead MoreRisk And Politics Of Disaster Coverage1263 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Risk and Politics of Disaster Coverage in Haiti and Katrina† Introduction and Purpose of the Study The article, â€Å"Risk and Politics of Disaster Coverage in Haiti and Katrina,† by Jennifer Petersen of the University of Virginia, which appeared in the journal Communication, Culture Critique in 2014, provides a comparison and contrast of the media coverage of Hurricane Katrina (2005), which devastated the U.S. Gulf Coast and was the costliest natural disaster in the nation’s history

Historical Cost Accounting and Systemic Risk

Question: Discuss about the Historical Cost Accounting and Systemic Risk. Answer: Introduction: According to Jack (2015), the economic and the accounting definition of fair value states, that the fair value is any value estimated at market price, expected to be received from the selling of an asset or to be transferred as a liability in a particular point of time. The concept is not new in nature it was primarily developed to overcome the deficiencies in the historical cost accounting technique. The system was aimed to present the assets and the liabilities based on current market price in the financial reporting rather than exhibiting them as an item of acquisition cost. This method was particularly used to maintain and disclose the financial statements based on the fair valuation of assets and liabilities (Nber.org., 2016). The method was particularly useful for countering the negative effects of inflation and changes in the value of currencies over the years. This was particularly evident during the global financial crisis in the year 2008. In the traditional financial reporting method, the fair value was not possible to be determined. For example if the company has purchased 2 acres of land for an amount of AUD 75,000 15 years back. The different company has purchased another 2 acre of land situated beside the earlier land but for an amount of AUD 100000. In case the company where following historical costing method the first company is observed to show a less amount of asset than the latter although both the lands have same amount of area and located at the same place. In order to address this type of issues fair value accounting method was introduced and this was particularly evident to tackle debacles during the global financial crisis (GCF) (Magnan et al., 2015). According to Greenberg et al., (2013), the global financial crisis has identified that fair value accounting has lost its necessary benefits as the prices of the active markets they are not available. This situation had made a complex vision making procedure for the companies in the assessment of fair values and hence modifications where implemented to make changes in the implemented details. Although it was observed that fair value accounting did not had any negative implications on GCF and it further provided the investors with an opportunity to know about the subprime positions office company. The fair value accounting system has a positive impact on BHP Billiton as over the years the company has been able to gain more confidence of the shareholders by presenting this particular disclosure in areas related to remuneration and financial derivatives. Although the negative impact has been seen by realizing a loss of USD 107 million through fair value accounting, which was unrealized, the previous years financial statements of the company (AASB, 2013). It was also observed that during the global financial crisis the SME and the banking sector did not suffer for writing of its assets or undervaluation of the same. It was further observed that banks, which were exercising a higher discretion in ascertaining the fair values, were also involved in presenting overvalued assets (Aasb.gov.au, 2016). Discussion For showing the importance of fair value, treatment the chosen company is BHP Billiton Limited. This particular business is observed to have a high amount of noncurrent assets and as per the sedation given by IFR is this type of business needs to revalue its asset on regular basis. As per international financial reporting standards the involvement of the risk of impairment losses, possibility of gain by devaluation and capital assets plays a vital role in mining industry. Hence, for a fair demonstration of the financial statements the evaluation or impairment of the assets should be shown wherever necessary. It is also important to understand that the concept of fair value accounting stands on it three tier hierarchy. The first tier shows the most accurate measurement related to the fair values in the active market (Beisland Frestad, 2013). The second tire is categorized based on those assets where the distinguishable prices are unutilized or the active markets are absent. The third tire is categorized as the assets where there is absence of significant amount of input and it is done using the internal anticipation method and internal models of the evaluation process (Bischof et al., 2013). The principle of fair value treatment highlights on the importance of measurement process and time required to evaluate the assets and liabilities of a particular company at a fair price. Particular standard is essential for segregating measurement process of equities, assets and liabilities. In a mining company like BHP Billiton, it is also useful for providing guidance for different types of non-financial assets such as equipments, machinery and vehicles used for transportation of the coal. Some of the pros of fair value accounting, with relevance to mining industry such as BHP Billiton Limited includes addressing of noticeable up for it or downward activity in the market value of the competitors. Fair value is helpful in determining the proper price of the items during inflation arising from the estimated prices of the future products. It is also helpful when there is a major change in the foreign exchange rates and manufacturing costs of the raw materials. With relevance to minin g industry, fair value treatment is particularly useful for determining the highly valuable capital projects and in developing of existing acquisition and construction of the mines. This particular method is used to determine that diminution in the volume of minerals of the reserves in the coal mines. This is particularly helpful when there are significant alterations in the interest rates and changes in the government policies, social changes and various types of environmental laws (Christensen Nikolaev, 2013). The cons of fair value accounting, is often seen with managers who use this method for personal benefit. In several cases it has been observed that managers select market prices for the items which can show the forms profitability higher than actual. The various cases the fair value of expenses related to the assets are often ignored or not considered. This makes the asset look more profitable which is actually untrue. With respect to mining company such as BHP Billiton, the stocks and investments are dynamic in nature and fluctuate rapidly in a short period. In such a situation the fair value computation becomes complex in nature and accuracy is not ensured. Due to this problem, the company often ends up exhibiting higher value asset in a particular instance and in the next moment, this leads to financial loss. The annual report of BHP Billiton Limited mainly states the treatment of fair value accounting in the changes in the derivatives of the company. The annual report also states that a desirable knowledge of both intrinsic values and technical requirements of the individual customers is reflected through the fair value of its products. The annual report of BHP Billiton clearly states that the remuneration provided by the company produces 41% of the face value from the fair value amount. This is a significant point to be considered as an importance of fair value disclosure of the company. The fair value adjustment and disclosure done by individual committees and assess the known as Kepler Associates (Lee Park, 2013). The annual report of the company clearly states that the fair value treatment is shown in the long-term incentive scheme. The long-term incentive scheme computation of fair value is done based on multiplication of its value of the award with the fair value factor of 41% as per the present design of the plan. The company further disclosed that the property plant and equipment has been recorded as the cost of contracted from the activated depreciation and the impairment charges. This particular cost is the fair value of the acquired asset at the time of acquisition and consideration and the company further states that this includes the direct cost of procuring the asset to the location and considering the future cost of closure of the same. The company has further declared that bill and the intangible assets have been also computed based on fair value accounting method (Bhpbilliton.com, 2016). The interactive corporate report of the company states that the fair value is not responsible for considering the forfeiture of conditions over the awards. The company's corporate report further suggested that it incurred a loss of USD 107 through fair value disclosure, which was unrecognized in the financial statement of 2013 and 2014. With relevance to the previously discussed levels of categorization of change and treatment of asset, BHP Billiton Limited is positioned at third tier of the hierarchy (Bhpbilliton.com, 2016). Conclusion The discussions mentioned in the report states the importance of exhibiting fair value in the financial statements of any organization. It has been further stated that surgical accounting method was not sufficient to adhere to the needs of financial reporting and hence fair value method was introduced. The various controversies and the arguments related to this method was addressed over the time by collaboration of Australian accounting standards Board with IASB, which resolved several issues pertaining to fair value accounting during the global financial crisis. The new standard of fair value accounting has provided the accountants report the financial items more accurately and present the statements with more uniformity. Reference List AASB, C.A.S., 2013. Fair Value Measurement Aasb.gov.au.(2016).Retrieved13September2016,fromhttps://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB13_08-15.pdf Beisland, L. A., Frestad, D. (2013). How fair-value accounting can influence firm hedging. Review of Derivatives Research, 16(2), 193-217. Bhpbilliton.com.(2016).[online]Availableat:https://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2015/bhpbillitonannualreport2015_interactive.pdf?la=en [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Bhpbilliton.com.(2016).[online]Availableat:https://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2015/bhpbillitonannualreport2015.pdf?la=en [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Bischof, J., Daske, H. and Sextroh, C., 2013. Analysts demand for fair value-related information: evidence from conference calls of international banks. Rochester: doi: https://dx. d0i. 0rg/l 0.2139/ssrn, 2180896. Christensen, H. B., Nikolaev, V. V. (2013). Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?. Review of Accounting Studies, 18(3), 734-775. Greenberg, M.D., Helland, E., Clancy, N. Dertouzos, J.N. (2013). Fair Value Accounting, Historical Cost Accounting, and Systemic Risk. Rand Corporation. Jack, L. (2015). Book Review: Fair Value Accounting in Historical Perspective. Accounting Review, 90(2), 825-828. Lee, C., Park, M. S. (2013). Subjectivity in fair-value estimates, audit quality, and informativeness of other comprehensive income. Advances in Accounting, 29(2), 218-231. Magnan, M., Menini, A., Parbonetti, A. (2015). Fair value accounting: information or confusion for financial markets?. Review of Accounting Studies, 20(1), 559-591. Nber.org. (2016). Retrieved 13 September 2016, from https://www.nber.org/papers/w15515.pdf.

1940s Essays

1940s Essays 1940s Essay 1940s Essay The Decade of the 1940s Nickenha Ashley History of Psychology Dr. Specht November 20th, 2013 The 1940s was a great period of well-known events in history. One of the most important events of the decade was World War II, which basically ruled the 1940s. World War II started on September 1, 1939 beginning with the German invasion of Poland; and Britain and France declaring war on German two days later. It was the most costly and destructive war in history and its effects, for good and ill, were felt far beyond the battlefields. After the war was over the United States entered a period of reat prosperity, an increase in the birthrate produced more consumers who fueled the economy and made the United States the most powerful nation (Hills, 1958, p. 56). It is safe to say that the 1940s was one of the many decades that influenced and shaped the future of the American society, with the many challenges and hardship that the United States faced within this decade. The events that took place in the 1940s changed the American society forever. It was a time of hardship and every aspect of life were affected by World War II. The rights of different groups of people ere also an issue during the 1940s, the inventions of different technology like computers, nuclear weapons, and rockets affected the whole world and television began to change Americans lives. The 1940s were defined by World War II. The war began on December 7, 1941 after the Japanese attached the United States Naval Base in Hawaii. President Roosevelt came on the radio the next morning and announced that the United Sates was going to war. Roosevelt explained that the war was inevitable and that in order to win this war, the United States needed support from all Americans, and the next day Congress declared war on Japan (Sullivan, 1991). The United States and the Allies were not successful in the beginning of the war, and President Roosevelt encouraged Americans on the home front, and General Eisenhower commanded troops in Europe. After a disastrous beginning, the United States began to take the offensive and gradually began to turn the tide against Axis armies in Africa, Europe and on while Japan was not an easy defeat, and a secret atomic bomb had to be used against the Japanese mainland. In August of 1945 Japan surrendered and World War II ended. The cost and sacrifices of the war were shocking. This 1,364 day war cost the United States and estimated $341 billion and 407, 318 American soldiers (Uschan, 1999, p. 12-17). This was a huge price to pay for victory, and could not have been done without the actions by the civilians on the home front during World War II. World War II was not only fought by the troops overseas, but also by our American women and children. When the war was declared, a lot of American men enlisted or were drafted into the armed forces, causing a labor shortage in factories and other blue collar Jobs. Because of this the United States had to turn to its female population to replenish the labor supply. Women began to work in factories, making bullets and riveting planes, tanks, and other war supplies. By 1943, half the workers on American assembly lines and factories were women. This was the first time in American history that women held Jobs that had been regarded as for men only. Children were also able to participate in helping with the war, they collected scrap metal, old tires, and even toothpaste tubes that were recycled and used to make more war supplies. Children also grew victory gardens, which supplied one third of the fresh vegetables consumed in the United States (Duden, 1989, p. 1-21). As a result of these social trends during World War II, women gained a new independence and were able to enter the workforce in much larger numbers and in a different capacity. Racial discrimination was still a norm in the United States during the start of the 1940s. By the end of the decade, those attitudes were beginning to change because of the events of the past 10 years. In the early 1900s, African Americans began a great migration from the rural south to the northern cities. This migration began during the WWII era because the war caused labor shortages, and African Americans ad a chance of getting Jobs in northern factories. The migration benefited both the African American population and economy. African Americans and whites served together in the military and business world, but the United States was still a segregated society. After World War II ended, African Americans were eager to be accepted, and one of the first breakthroughs came by way of Americas pastime, baseball. Only white players were allowed on the major league teams. African Americans had to play in their own segregated league. A number of famous African American baseball stars were eager to make a break for the big eagues. In 1947 the Brooklyn Dodgers drafted a young infielder named Jackie Robinson, the first Negro to achieve major-league baseball status in modern times (Effrat, 1947). Although it was unknown to him at the time, but he would end up being a symbol of hope that a multi- racial society could exist. Throughout the season Robinson received death threats and racial insults but racism could not stop him. Robinson stayed with the team and even went on to win the World Series and was even named rookie of the year. Technology started to rocket in the early 1940s, but it was the early stages of films nd television. Walt Disney was one of the biggest cartoon film makes then. This was the start of Walt Disneys famous career. Walt Disney released Pinocchio, Dumbo, The computer was also one of the most significant technological advances made in the 1940s. In 1946 the first all-electronic digital computer named ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed. This computer was able to do as much work in one hour as most people could do in one week (Duden, 1989, p. 30). Even though the television was invented in the late 1930s, it did not gain much popularity at the start of the decade. When World War II began, production of television and other electronics was stopped in order to devote factory capacity to the war effort. After the war ended, the ban on the production of electronics was lifted and televisions began rolling off the assembly lines again. The increasing amount of disposable income of consumers after the war had television flying off the shelves of stores around the country. The Olympic Games in 1948 were shown on television and attracted the largest broadcast audience in history (Peterson, J. R. ). Colored television achieved realism when CBS demonstrated the first color television in New York City, nd WNBT, making New York City the countrys first regular television station, broadcasting to about 10,000 viewers ( nytimes. com). The television created a social impact on the United States in many ways, people were buying televisions in record numbers and television was becoming a common part of life (Duden, 1989, p. 43). The television movement impacted life in the United States in many ways and provided Americans with easier access to information and entertainment with pictures and words. The atomic bomb, one of the most powerful and deadly technological advances in history, was developed in the 1940s. In 1941, nuclear physicists discovered that two uranium derivatives, U-235 and plutonium, could be used to create rapid fission. In December of 1942 a physicist named Enrico Fermi created the first nuclear reaction. The first time the bomb was used was August of 1945 when the bombing of Japan occurred (Fyson, 1999, p. 6). This Marilyn Monroe advertisement was very effective in the 1940s. This was used to endorse the production in sales for Lustre Company. Though this shampoo may work well as any other shampoos, this advertisement was meant to reach out to the fans of Marilyn Monroe. When this ad was put out we can assume that many of Marilyn Monroes fans bought this product causing this company to mak e a lot of money, which made this advertisement very effective. This poster is of Uncle Sam in the 1940s looks very convincing. This poster was recruiting anyone WWII, it was very demanding and inspired young people to Join the armys frontlines and serve for their country. This advertisement was very effective as it made people think that it was their Job to protect the country and run the front lines. up no matter what. Being the first black man to play baseball he was faced with a lot of obstacles, hate messages and death threats being sent to him, but this did not top him. This advertisement served as a motivator for others, and gives others hope that though they may be of different color they can still do things the same as any other race. This advertisement is of one of the first Walt Disney movies created. This advertisement was effective because it showed the first movie created by Disney and was convincing to others to go and watch it. The economy of the 1940s can be easily divided into two periods: the economy during the war and the economy after the war. After World War II the U. S. economy was drastically altered, the involvement of America in the war boosted the economy uring the war years and set the foundation for the US to become an economic superpower (Vatter, H. G. 1985). One of the most applauding economic achievements by the U. S. during WWII was the elimination of unemployment. During this period, employment went up from 47. 52 million to 53. 96 million, over a 13% increase. Unemployment rates had fallen from 4. 7% in 1942 and declined to 1. 2% in 1944 (Williams, R. M. 1994). This was more a significance because of the diminished labor force caused by the 11 million men and women entering the armed forces during this period. The labor force was one of the main reasons U. S. ndustry was able to meet the great demand in productivity created by the war. Because of the shortages of goods such as, meat, shoes, gasoline, and sugar President Roosevelt and his administration created what was called the Office of Price Administration. This was ordered to hold the line against rising prices and this was successful from April of 1943 to February of 1946, and they were able to hold the annual rate of inflation to only 1. 6% (Williams, R. M. 1994). The U. S. involvement in the war raised the economy to new heights. Over 17 million Jobs were created, industrial production went up, and corporate profits doubled. After the war ended, Americans learned the extent of the Holocaust. Realization of the power of prejudice helped lead to Civil Rights reforms over the next 3 decades. The GI Bill of Rights was passed entitling returning soldiers to a college education. In 1949, there were 3 times as many colleges degrees issued as in 1940, college became available to those who were capable rather the privileged. Being as education was becoming so accessible, in Germany Hitler was eliminating artists whose ideas didnt agree with his. Because of this many of the artists migrated to the US, where they had a huge effect on American artists. One of the art styles hat were popular was abstract expressionism, which showed raw emotions. The art style of abstract expressionism was the first specifically American artistic movement that influenced the world and put New York City at the center of the world (http:// www. learningzoneclass. com/aoatl 1 /beltran/art. html). One of the most famous artists of the 1940s was Paul Jackson Pollock, and one of his most famous art works is Number 5. Like art, music reflected American enthusiasm, and American composers remained more traditional and at the beginning of the decade bands dominated popular music. Radio became the lifeline for Americans in the 1940s. Providing news, music and entertainment, much like television today. Shows included soap operas, government relied heavily on radio for propaganda, and the radio faded and TV became more prominent and accessible, and most popular shows on the radio started to show on TV. TV also had an effect on the food people ate, frozen dinners were invented and they became known as TV dinners. The Jitterbug dance was also developed in the 1940s, and it was the first dance that allowed individual expressionism. Rosie the Riverter was the symbol of the working woman as the men off to war and women were needed to work in factories. Tupperware and aluminum foil became popular in the 1940s as well as a way to ease the postwar housewives burdens, and the slinky was developed in 1945 as a way to keep kids occupied. Fashion was the fad with the most influence and changed the way women would look at clothes. The convertible suit, which is still popular today, was designed for the working woman and carried on until the war ended. Once the war was over, Christian Dior introduced the New look. This look included feminine dresses with long, full skirts, tight waists and comfortable low heeled shoes, which soon swept the country as the new trend (Peacock, 1998). Make up was also socially acceptable and hair was curled very tightly and was shoulder length. With men home from war and back to work, women had more time to focus on themselves, which was exactly what the new look was trying to accomplish. In 1948, Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by Hindu fanatic, and Burma and Ceylon was granted independence by Britain. Although World War II dominated the decade of the 1940s another major international event that taking was taking place was the Holocaust, and Jews being put into concentration camps. The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, were the perpetrators of the Holocaust. The Nazis targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovahs witnesses, Communists, twins, and the disabled. Some of these people tried to hide from the Nazis like Anne Frank and her family, some were successful and some were not. Those that were captured suffered sterilization, forced resettlement, separation from family and friends, beatings, tortures, starvation, and/or death ( istoryl 900s. about. com/od/holocaust/tp/ holocaust. htm). The discovery of penicillin in the 1940s revolutionized medicine. Developed first to help the military personnel survive war wounds, it also helped increase survival rates or surgery. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from a pile of petri dishes in his sink that were growing bacteria. After taking samples of mold he found that it was from the penicillium family, and named it penicillin and found that it was nontoxic and sufficient in treating many types of bacteria harmful to man. Unfortunately, the interest in penicillin did not peak again until World War II, and it was Howard Florey and Ernst Chain who continued the research and found a way to purify, and presented this powerful antibiotic to the world (http:// www. essortment. com/alexander-flemming-discovery-penicillin-40564. tml). In 1943 Fleming was presented the Award of Distinction for his discovery of the miracle drug and of similar award to Dr. Howard W. Florey of Oxford University, in recognition of his pioneer contributions to our knowledge of the value of penicillin as a In 1945 The Journal of Clinical Psychology was founded. In 1999 a study was done to examine the mental and medical health care utilization of World War II survivors and the characteristics of survivors seeking professional health care. Forty seven years after WWII ended, a random sample of 4,057 Dutch WWII survivors answered a our-page questionnaire, and out of that 1,461 of those persons subsequently answered an extensive follow-up questionnaire (Bramsen, Henk, 1999). Twenty two percent had sought some form of health care for war-related complaints at some time since WWII, and most consultations were made in the 1940s. It was found that most consultations were made to general practitioners or to a medical specialist as opposed to mental health specialists. Results showed that 59% of the highly-exposed respondents with posttraumatic stress disorders had not sought professional help in he years of 1990-1992 (Bramsen, Henk, 1999). In a study done by Audrey Rieger to test differences in personality using the Rorschach test that was invented in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach to determine personality characteristics and evaluate emotional health. This study was designed to study personality patterns of certain specific occupational groups as reflected in the individual Rorschach test to determine if differences between such groups do occur and if the differences are meaningful in practical situations (Rieger, 1949). Results showed that personality differences between the occupational groups had some ignificant results, but the Rorschach scores failed to differentiate the groups in practice. Most of the differences appeared to be related to variations in response total. The only important result is the distinction found between those who deal with verbal concepts (mostly administrators and personnel workers) and those who dealt with their hands (supervisors and foremen) (Rieger, 1949). In 1949 David Wechsler published the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. This was used as tools in school placement, determining the presence of a learning disability, or developmental delay. It was also used to identify giftedness among children, and track their intellectual development. In 1946 Lindner, and Gurvitz did a research on the restandardization of the revised beta examination to yield the Wechsler type of Q. The revised Beta examination has been restandardized to accomplish three purposes: the administration and scoring procedures have been improved, the sample of adults upon which new norms were based on were selected to represent the 1940 Census with respect to education and socio-economic status within several groups from twenty years and above (Lindner, Gurvitz, 1946). The standardization lso permitted the securing of Beta IQs which were similar to the IQs on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. The 1940s was an important decade to study because of the history that took place, which can give us a better understanding of the American and heritage and to appreciate the power and freedom that was enjoyed by this country in the 21st century. This decade produced many different changes in the political, social, and technological aspects of life. World War II was a major factor that influenced all of these aspects throughout the decade. Bramsen, 1. , Van der Ploeg, H. M. (1999). Use of Medical and Mental Health Care by World War II Survivors in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(2), 243-261. Rieger, A. F. (1949). The Rorschach test and Occupational Personalities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 33(6), 572-578. 1943, December 14. Discoverer tells penicillin story: Dr. Alexander Fleming speaks from London in broadcast to accept award here. The New York Times, p. 13. 1949, December 23. Radio, Video: CBS color system tests to start Jan 2. Here and in capital. The New York Times, p. 36. Hills, K. (1958, June 10). World War. Newsweek. Retrieved from academicsearchpremier. com DudenJ. (1989). Timelines: 1940s. 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Crestwood House. Peacock, J. (1998). Fashion sourcebooks: The 1940s. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson. Sullivan, G. (1991). The day Pearl Harbor was bombed. New York, NY: Scholastic. Fyson, N. (1999). World War Two. In D. Marks (Ed. ), World book of Encyclopedia. Uschan, M. (1999). A cultural history of the United States: 1940s. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books. Peterson, J. R. (2010). World War Two. Retrieved from http://cnn. com. Rosenberg, J. (2013). The Holocaust. Retrieved from http://history1900s. about. com/od/holocaust/ tp/holocaust. htm Alexander Fleming and the discovery of Penicillin. Retrieved from ttp://www. essortment. om/alexander-fleming-discovery-penicillin-40564. html. Vatter, H. G. (1985). The U. S. economy in World War II. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Williams, R. M. (1994). The politics of boom and bust in the twentieth century America. St. Paul: West Publishing. The generation to remember: Art of the 1940s. Retrieved from http:// learningzoneclass. com/aoatll/beltran/art. html. The Walt Disne y studios history. Retrieved from studioservices. go. com/ disneystudios/history. html. Effrat, L. (1947, April 11). Royals star signs with Brooks today. The New York Times, p. 20.

Free Essays on Game Cube Vs PS2

Nintendo Game Cube vs. PlayStation2 Which One Since the 1990’s people have been enjoying the interactive challenge of video games. Nintendo has been around almost since the beginning with the original Nintendo system and the Game Boy. Years later followed the Sega System and PlayStation. Recently Sony and Nintendo have both announced the development of totally new and â€Å"revolutionary† systems. Nintendo has announced the release of the Nintendo Game Cube ( aka. The Dolphin ). The Game Cube is a â€Å"highly† advanced system that is â€Å"the ultimate TV game machine and the first of its kind†. The Game Cube features an IBM Power PC Gekko Micro processor unit, 1T-Ram Technology and the LSI Mixed Memory. This compact system is about 15% smaller then the N64 and features accessories like the cordless controller, the Modem adapter, the Digi Card, SD- Digi card and the Broadband adapter. The cartridges have also changed to discs, allowing for better graphics, sounds and game play. Sony has also announced the development of the PlayStation2. The PS2 is designed to bring together movies, music and games to form a new form of computer entertainment. The PS2 supports both audio CD and DVD along with old PS games. â€Å" PS2 is charting a path toward the future of networked digital entertainment† says President Ken Kutaragi of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. As for games, over 89 publishers have signed licence agreements to develop content for PS2. A new accessory to go with PS2 is the Dual Shock 2 controller which features transfer rate up to 250 times faster. The PS2 is going to be available in Fall 2000. So as the release dates come closer, people are anticipating the release of these platforms to finally find out what is the ultimate gaming platform. If you would like to read more on the Game Cube go to www.nintendo.com and if you would like to read more on the PlayStati... Free Essays on Game Cube Vs PS2 Free Essays on Game Cube Vs PS2 Nintendo Game Cube vs. PlayStation2 Which One Since the 1990’s people have been enjoying the interactive challenge of video games. Nintendo has been around almost since the beginning with the original Nintendo system and the Game Boy. Years later followed the Sega System and PlayStation. Recently Sony and Nintendo have both announced the development of totally new and â€Å"revolutionary† systems. Nintendo has announced the release of the Nintendo Game Cube ( aka. The Dolphin ). The Game Cube is a â€Å"highly† advanced system that is â€Å"the ultimate TV game machine and the first of its kind†. The Game Cube features an IBM Power PC Gekko Micro processor unit, 1T-Ram Technology and the LSI Mixed Memory. This compact system is about 15% smaller then the N64 and features accessories like the cordless controller, the Modem adapter, the Digi Card, SD- Digi card and the Broadband adapter. The cartridges have also changed to discs, allowing for better graphics, sounds and game play. Sony has also announced the development of the PlayStation2. The PS2 is designed to bring together movies, music and games to form a new form of computer entertainment. The PS2 supports both audio CD and DVD along with old PS games. â€Å" PS2 is charting a path toward the future of networked digital entertainment† says President Ken Kutaragi of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. As for games, over 89 publishers have signed licence agreements to develop content for PS2. A new accessory to go with PS2 is the Dual Shock 2 controller which features transfer rate up to 250 times faster. The PS2 is going to be available in Fall 2000. So as the release dates come closer, people are anticipating the release of these platforms to finally find out what is the ultimate gaming platform. If you would like to read more on the Game Cube go to www.nintendo.com and if you would like to read more on the PlayStati...

CT scan protoclos at RMC HOSPITAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

CT scan protoclos at RMC HOSPITAL - Essay Example Single-slice helical CT scanners were introduced in the 1980's and multislice CT scanners in the 1990's, which allows a larger section of the body to be scanned in a smaller period of time (Wesolowski, 2005). From the practical perspective, the benefits of CTs are immense. However, CT scans involve higher doses of radiation than the conventional x-ray procedure (Smith-Bindman et al, 2009). CT contributes a large dose towards medical radiation, and is the main source of man- made radiation excluding natural background radiation (Wiest, 2002). There is concern about the exposure of radiation in children and adult population and the subsequent long-term cancer risks. CT procedures cause high doses of radiation to be absorbed through the skin, in the range of 20-30 mGY (2-3 rads) (Wiest, 2002). There is greater concern for the pediatric population because they are more sensitive to radiation exposure than the adult population (Brenner, 2007). Children are more prone to exposure because they have a larger proportion of dividing cells and the tissues of children are up to 10 times more radiosensitive than adults (Brenner, 2007). Chwals et al., found that CT examinations of the head, abdomen an d pelvis routinely performed in pediatric trauma patients exposed them to 50 times the standard yearly dose of background ionizing radiation (Chwals, 2008). Radiation exposure in the adult population is low but still a concern. Broder suggests that in adults, it reaches its threshold in the 40's and then slowly decreases (Broder, 2006). Due to the repetitive radiation exposure and adverse effects associated with it, the operators of CT are expected to possess a concrete knowledge and practical understanding how to reduce the radiation dose patients receive to acceptable minimum (Manghat et al, 2005). Similar concerns regarding radiation exposure and cancer risks have propelled the medical community to implement protocols to lower the radiation dose in children, by adjusting the machine settings without compromising important information (Brenner, 2007). Other measures include reducing repeat CTs and decreasing unnecessary CTs by ensuring that any additional CTs ordered by a physician will only benefit the patient (Brenner, 2007). According to Manghat et al (2005), CT operators can utilize the variety of strategies to reduce radiation exposure such as the use of bismuth shields to protect organs sensitive to radiation, adjusting the machine settings using automatic exposure control (AEC), the tube voltage (kVp) reduc tion, decreasing the pitch and the tube current-time product (mAs). Practically, educating doctors regarding the risks associated with radiation is an important factor to allow physicians to make informed decisions when considering radiological tests (Thomas, 2006). Lee and colleagues highlighted this in a study that found 75% of Emergency Department (ED) physicians and radiologists underestimated the risks associated with radiation from CT examinations (Thomas, 2006). Recognition of the potential cancer risks by the medical community has pressed CT manufactures to implement programs to allow adjustment of the dose with respect to the child's body mass (Chwals, 2008). As of 2003, the majority of hospitals in developed countries reported implementing some programs to reduce radiation exposure in children, though still many hospitals have yet to implement these changes

Population Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Population Ecology - Essay Example This underpinned one of the lectures important contents, which is the demonstration of how life history traits are determined as a response to environmental factors such as in the case of survivorship or mortality patterns. I have chosen to attend this lecture because it is related to my field of study, which is Health Studies and I am interested to gain more insights about the nature of the courses I am going to study later on. I think that human ecology is related to my course because it is a framework that could explain the incidence of many health issues. When I attended the lecture, I already know that human ecology studies the relationship between population and the environment. After the lecture, this was further enriched by new information such as how the field could predict or project vital statistics and health issues such as death and diseases. At first, it was challenging for me to take notes and follow the lecture since it is a new experience for me. But I learned to focus on the structure of the lecture and identify contexts so that I was able to understand the difficult contents better. All in all, the lecture is important to my academic goals because it gave me a glimpse of the content of one of the courses I plan to take for my undergraduate

Ultrasonic transducers

Ultrasonic transducers 1.1 Introduction Transducer is a device which converts energy of one form to that of another. With reference to ultrasonic transducer the ultrasonic energy is to be converted to electrical, mechanical, or other energy form. A reversible transducer transforms energy in both directions with equal efficiencies. The transducers can be classified as follows: 1. Piezoelectric oscillators: Principle of piezoelectric effect is used and this is reversible. The possible frequency range is from 20 kHz to well over 10 GHz. 2. Magnetostrictive oscillators: Employs the phenomenon of magnetostriction, a reversible form of conversion. Can be made to operate at mega-hertz and even gigahertz frequencies. 3. Mechanical transducers: Includes whistles and sirens (mechanical oscillators) and radiometers, and are irreversible. Mainly used for high-power applications. 4. Electromagnetic transducers: Applied for high-intensity applications at low frequencies, in the audible range. They have been used for low-intensity work at frequencies of up to 50 kHz and, also as receivers at megahertz frequencies. 5. Electrostatic transducers: Used as generators at low intensities with an upper frequency limit of a few hundred kilo-hertz. Reversible in conversion and used as receivers at frequencies as high as 100 MHz. 6. Miscellaneous transducers: Includes thermal, chemical, and optical transducers. Ultrasonic receivers are categorized into two 1. Receivers terminating acoustic beams: The cross-section of the receiver embraces the whole or a large proportion of that of the beam and its dimensions extend from several to a large number of wavelengths. The presence of the receiver materially affects the configuration of the acoustic field, to give rise to regular reflections of the beam. 2. Receivers acting as probes: ultrasonic probe receivers are used for mapping out acoustic fields and for measurement of local intensities. the use of probe receivers is restricted to lower frequencies (e.g. in the kilo-hertz range)., as their dimensions need to be small enough, not to upset the characteristics of the field,( to be less than about one-tenth of a wavelength). 1.2 Piezoelectric transducers 1.2.1 General considerations Piezoelectric transducers employ the piezoelectric effect, discovered by the Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880. The effect occurs naturally in certain single crystals with polar axes, (e.g. quartz, tourmaline, lithium sulphate, cadmium sulphide, and zinc oxide.) When mechanical stress is applied to the surfaces of piezoelectric crystals, coated with silver or gold, equal and opposite electric charges will be induced on them and a voltage will be observed. This is the direct piezoelectric effect, and the crystalline axis perpendicular to the coated faces is the relevant polar axis. When a voltage is applied across the electrodes to produce an electric field, a converse effect is observed, resulting in a mechanical strain. These effects are associated with compressions and shears, in quartz, for example, the principal polar axes are called the X- and Y axes, there is three of each. The X-axes are oriented at angles of 120Â ° apart, and with corresponding Y-axis perpendicular to it. The electrodes lie at right angles to an X-axis for X-cut quartz crystals, and are associated with compressions, and Y-cut quartz crystals with shears. The Z-axis, is known as the optic axis and lies perpendicular to the planes containing the X- and Y-axes. Optic is a non-polar axis for which the piezoelectric effect is not observed. A piezoelectric transducer oscillates at the applied frequency with amplitude of the order of 10-6 times its thickness, on applying an alternating voltage across its electrodes,. If, the transducer is excited at one of its resonance frequencies the amplitude is considerably increased, e.g. to about 10-4 times the thickness at the fundamental frequency Artificially induced piezoelectric transducers are of polycrystalline structure. They are made up of large numbers of minute crystallites bonded together, to the required shape and size. The final product is in the form of a ceramic. Prior to polarisation, these ceramic transducers do not require to be cut with reference to any particular axis, as they are isotropic. So it is possible to have a shape in any convenient form by adding small quantities of other materials, the transducers properties can be improved or adjusted. The piezoelectric effect is measured by the d coefficient, which can be expressed in one or two ways. (i) If the crystal is subjected to a mechanical stress, at the same time, the electrodes are short-circuited by a wire, charges induced by the stress will flow through the wire until the potential difference across the crystal is reduced to zero. Considering, q is the value of the total charge flowing and F the force producing the stress, then d coefficient can be given as d=q/f coulombs per Newton 3.1 (ii) When a voltage V is applied across the crystal, on which no load is applied e.g. vacuum, a displacement l is produced due to the resultant strain, then volts per metre 3.2 The electromechanical coupling coefficient is defined as Both d and k vary with temperature and reduce to zero at the Curie temperature Tc. The frequency response of a transducer depends on its Q factor. If the characteristic impedances of transducer and medium are R1 and R2, then Q can be represented as where K is a dimensionless constant. Ceramic transducers have higher d coefficients and electromagnetic coupling coefficients compared to the quartz crystals. But quartz crystals are highly stable. 1.2.2. Coupling of Piezo electric transducers A suitable liquid must be provided to avoid an air gap , for efficient coupling of ultrasound between the transducer and a solid. To generate longitudinal waves at normal temperatures, a film of oil is usually enough, but, at low temperatures a high-vacuum grease is used to prevent loss of continuity of characteristic impedance. While working with high temperatures, a couplant which does not evaporate, should be chosen. .For transverse wave propagation, it is necessary to use adhesive such as epoxy resin, so as to ensure the couplant has enough strength to withstand the application of the shear stresses without collapsing. Canada balsam or even nail varnish , on some occasions will provide good coupling for shear waves, depending on the temperatures. 1.2.3 Ultrahigh frequency (u.h.f.) piezoelectric transducers An early method of generating u.h.f. ultrasonics was to place one end of a single-crystal quartz rod inside an electromagnetic cavity resonator Ci (see Figure ). The surface was excited at the required frequency, and waves were propagated along the rod. Initially the method was applied only for producing ultrasound in single-crystal quartz , due to difficulty of coupling other materials to the free end of the rod. Another electromagnetic cavity resonator C2 at the other end of the rod acted as a receiver. In later stages the free ends of the rod and solid specimen was coated with thin film of indium. 1.2.4 Piezoelectric sandwich transducers To generate waves at the frequencies ranging from 40 kHz down to 20 kHz.frequency, for High-intensity applications ,with a piezoelectric ceramic, the thickness should exceed 100 mm. A ceramic block of this thickness is both expensive and is highly absorbent. Due to this, absorbed acoustical energy being converted into heat, results in a rapid increase of temperature and the Curie temperature is soon reached, with a consequent disappearance of the piezoelectric effect. To avoid this sandwiching of the piezoelectric transducers can be applied. A sandwich transducer consists of a comparatively thin piezoelectric plate located between two thicker metal plates.They have high compressive strengths and by compressing the sandwich permanently using high tensile bolt damage can be prevented. (see Figure 3.7); the transducer is said to be mechanically biased. 1.2.5 Surface wave piezoelectric transducers Surface waves can be generated by using mode conversion with a longitudinal wave transducer as the primary source, but it is also possible to propagate them directly. Surface waves are produced by placing an ordinary longitudinal wave transducer in contact with the edge of the material and inclined at an angle of 45Â ° (Fig 3.4) and are received in same fashion. Another method of generating and receiving surface waves is by coating two electrodes on the surface of a piezoelectric material and applying the exciting voltage at the required frequency across them (see Figure 3.5). This technique was used for delay line applications 1.2.6 Operation of piezoelectric transducers A quartz crystal mounted at its nodes, is an ideal one for propagating continuous waves over a narrow frequency band. Electrical connections must be made to the electrodes and additional damping caused by them should be kept minimal. Nodal mounting is not advisable for very thin transducers and where contact with a solid medium has to be maintained. For cases like these, the transducer is held in position by means of a light spring against a solid surface. Then the solid surface provides one electrical contact with the transducer electrode and the other is provided by the spring. To have maximum efficiency, the impedances of the exciting and receiving electrical circuits should be correctly matched to the electrical impedance of the transducer. For pulsed wave operation it is essential that the pulses are kept sufficiently short to prevent their overlapping. No stationary waves are to be produced in the medium. To produce very short pulses and where a narrow frequency band is not needed, transducer material, such as a ceramic is used. The transducer is backed by a block of a material having a very high acoustic absorption coefficient and of sufficiently large electrical conductivity to provide contact with that transducer surface. A mixture of tungsten powder and Aroldite is used for this purpose. A high direct voltage (typically from 300 V to 600 V) of instantaneous duration is applied periodically to the transducer electrodes at the required pulse repetition frequency. At each electrical impulse, the transducer experiences a high initial strain after which it oscillates over about two or three cycles, the amplitude decreasing rapidly.. Thus, for a transducer operating at a frequency of 6 MHz to produce pulses each of thre e wavelengths, the pulse duration is about only 0.5ÃŽ ¼ for propagation into most metals. The relation between pulse-length (PL) in seconds and the frequency bandwidth can be given as: PL= 1.3/ Frequency Bandwidth 3.4 1.3 Magnetostrictive transducers Magnetostrictive transducers are made of ferromagnetic materials, which can easily be magnetised and displays magnetostriction or the Joule effect. When a bar or rod of one of these materials is placed in a magnetic field, it suffers a change in length, either an increase or decrease, depending on the nature of the material and the strength of the field, immaterial of the sign of strain. Hence, when the direction of magnetic field is reversed, there is no change in the sense of the strain. Figure 3.11 shows the relationship between mechanical strain and the magnitude of the field strength for a few ferromagnetic materials. The graph imples, the variation is not a linear one, in general. Nickel is found to be the most satisfactory material for magnetostrictive transducers, having an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 31 per cent and a Curie temperature of 358Â °C. Permendur, an alloy, has a higher Curie point (about 900Â °C) and low electromechanical coupling coefficient. Though ferrites (non metals) has an advantage of being poor conductors and not being heated by eddy currents, and exhibit magnetostrictive effect are not often used as transducers due to their poor mechanical properties. There is a converse magnetostrictive effect, in which a mechanical stress applied to a ferromagnetic rod lying in a magnetic field gives rise to a change in the magnetic flux density. This is known as the Villari effect. Magnetostrictive transducers are in the forms of rods surrounded by coil windings (see Figure 3.7). An alternating magnetic field of the same frequency is induced by an alternating current through the coil ; giving rise to longitudinal oscillations of the rod. These oscillations take place at a twice the frequency of the field and take on the form of unsmooth, rectified alternating current, resulting in unwanted frequencies. As in the case of ceramic transducers. This disadvantage is avoided by polarisation, as in ceramic transducers. It is not possible to obtain a high polarising field by permanent magnetisation, and a steady direct field of suitable magnitude is provided by passing a direct current through another coil wound round the transducer. So, the oscillations occur about some other point instead of taking place about the origin of the curve. If the amplitude of the applied alternating field is low for changes to take place along the linear portion of the curve, and, is less than the value of the polarising field, then sinusoidal oscillations occur at the applied frequency. The resonance frequency inversely proportional with the length of the transducer rod. The frequency is increased by decreasing the length, but, simultaneously , there is a intensity is lowered for a rod of given cross-sectional dimensions , which results from the reduction in size of the vibrating mass. So, at frequencies more than 100 kHz ,the output from this type of transducer becomes vanishingly small. The considerable leakage of magnetic flux is observed , which is a disadvantage of using rod-shaped oscillators . Transducers designed to form closed magnetic circuits are used for high-intensity applications The window-type transducer is clamped nodally, and the vibrations produced are longitudinal. In ring-type transducer, vibrations are in a radial manner, and hence ultrasonic energy is focused at the centre resulting in high acoustic intensity. Absorption of ultrasound by induction of Eddy currents and Hystersis results in increased amount of eating. Though there are a number of ferromagnetic materials with low hysteresis losses, their magnetostrictive properties are poor. The losses due to eddy current can be reduced by using laminated stacks consisting of alternating sheets of the metal and of some insulating material such as mica. Since the rise in temperature may result in loss of magnetostrictive properties, it is necessary to cool the transducer during its operation. By using velocity transformer, an increased intensity, distributed over a smaller area, can also be obtained with both rod and window types of transducers. This consists of a tapered coupling rod and provides an increase in the value of the particle velocity at the end remote from the transducer. For maximum efficiency, the transformer is designed to resonate by making it one wavelength long and supporting it at a nodal point, i.e. at a distance of a quarter-wavelength from the transducer. The diagram illustrates the application of the velocity transformer to the construction of the ultrasonic drill Magnetostrictive oscillators being reversible can be used as receivers. An example of a magnetostrictive probe receiver consists of a nickel rod held vertically in a fluid in which ultrasound is radiated in an upward direction. The rod is contained in a plastic tube so that only the free end is exposed to the waves which are then transmitted along its length. A current is induced by the Villari effect in the pick-up coil placed near the upper end of the rod. Another coil carrying a direct current provides the polarising field. The formation of stationary waves is prevented by placing an absorbent material at the top of the rod. Nickel film transducers are used for producing and receiving ultrasound of very high frequencies ranging from 100 MHz to 100 GHz in solids. A thin film of nickel, of thickness corresponding to one half-wavelength at the resonant frequency, is deposited on the end-surface of the specimen into which sound is to be passed. The rod is located with its plated end inside a microwave electromagnetic cavity resonator, excited at the required frequency. The receiver may consist of a similar film coated on the opposite surface of the specimen and also located in a cavity resonator. Instead a single nickel film can act as both source and receiver, using reflection method. No coupling material is required and no special technique is necessary for coating the nickel film. 1.4. Mechanical Transducers Mechanical ultrasonic generators are used for high-intensity propagation in liquids and gases at frequencies of up to about 25 kHz .They exist mainly in the forms of whistles and sirens. They are powerful and less expensive than piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers, but with limited scope of applications. Ultrasonic whistles are of two types, the cavity resonator, used mainly for gases, and the wedge resonator, employed for both gases and liquids. . 1.4.1. Cavity Resonators Galton whistle (see Figure 3.12) consists of a cylinder terminated by the end-surface of a piston which can be adjusted to provide resonance at the required frequency The fluid, flows through an annular slit at high speed and strikes the rim of the tube where vortices appear and produce edge-tones. The frequency of the edge-tones depends on the velocity of the fluid which can be adjusted until the cavity resonates. For air, at a frequency of 20 kHz, fundamental resonance takes place for a cavity length of approximately 4 mm. The second type of cavity resonator is the Hartmann generator, similar in design to the Galton whistle, except that the annular slit is replaced by a conical nozzle (see Figure 3.13). The fluid is forced through the nozzle and emerges at a supersonic velocity to produce shock waves, which cause the cavity to be excited at a high intensity. Resonance is achieved by adjusting the fluid velocity. 1.4.2. Wedge Resonator The wedge resonator consists of a rectangular plate with wedge-shaped edges, mounted on nodal supports and placed in a fluid jet stream.(Figure 3.14). The wedge is set up into flexural vibrations having an intensity comparable with that attained by the Hartmann generator. Operating frequencies are of the order of 20 kHz. Sirens also are used for generating high-energy ultrasound in fluids. The siren consists of a rotor disc with a number of identical holes spaced evenly around the circumference of a circle slightly smaller than the disc. The rotor turns concentrically in front of a similar disc (the stator), which is kept at rest whilst fluid jets are directed through the holes. The frequency of the emitted ultrasound is equal to the frequency of interruption of the jet flow, as the holes move relatively to one another, and is calculated as the product of the number of holes in the rotor and the speed of revolution. The tone emitted by the siren is not a pure one but this is unimportant for the applications for which it is used. One advantage of this instrument is that by altering the speed of rotation the frequency can be varied in a continuous manner. The use of mechanical receivers has been restricted to measurements of intensities in liquids and gases. The two principal types of mechanical receivers are the Rayleigh disc and the radiometer. The Rayleigh disc consists of a thin circular disc suspended vertically in the ultrasonic field by means of a torsion fibre. Initially the disc is positioned, with its plane surfaces parallel with the direction of propagation. In the presence of ultrasound, the sound waves exert a couple on the disc, which rotates until brought to rest in a steady position as a result of an opposing couple exerted by the suspension. The angle of rotation required to reach the state of equilibrium depends on the the acoustic intensity. A radiometer is a device which measures directly the pressure of radiation, a quantity which is proportional to the acoustic intensity. The simplest form of radiometer is a tiny solid sphere suspended in the sound field. It is deflected horizontally in the direction of propagation when the ultrasound is present. The device is calibrated by subjecting it to known fluid pressures and then measuring the resulting displacements. The torsion balance radiometer is designed for waves travelling in a horizontal direction and the common balance type for vertically directed waves(Fig 3.15 a and Fig 3.15b) 1.5 Electromagentic Transducers A lightweight electromagnetic transducers have been used for low-intensity ultrasonic measurements in poorly conducting solids and liquids. But the method requires constant application of a steady magnetic field m which is a major disadvantage 1.5.1. Giacominis method: A bar of poorly conducting solid is coated with a thin conducting strip of negligible mass over opposite halves of the upper and lower surfaces and the end-face. It is supported horizontally at the nodal positions by electrically conducting wires, and the coated end is subjected to a horizontal magnetic field at right angles to the axis. When an alternating current is passed through the conducting strip, the bar vibrates longitudinally, in accordance with Flemings left-hand rule of electromagnetism. Because electromagnetic transducers are reversible, vibrations in the bar are picked up by the conducting strip which, in the presence of a steady magnetic field, will have induced in it an alternating e.m.f. in accordance with Flemings right-hand rule of electromagnetism. This e.m.f. is related to the acoustic intensity. Thus the device can be used as both a transmitter and a receiver of ultrasound. 1.5.2. Filipczynskis Method: An aluminium film in the form of a continuous and winding narrow strip is evaporated on to a perspex block to provide a coil of negligible mass. The block is then immersed in the liquid and located inside a gap between the pole-pieces of a permanent magnet which supplies a steady magnetic field of high intensity. Ultrasonic waves pass from the liquid into the block, giving rise to oscillations of the aluminium coil which induce in it an e.m.f. related to the intensity in the block. 1.6 Electrostatic transducers An electrostatic transducer consists essentially of two parallel plates of a conducting material placed close to one another to form an electrical capacitor. One plate is fixed and the other is free to vibrate in a direction at right angles to the surface of the plates. A high resistance is placed in series with the capacitor and steady charges on the plates maintained by a direct potential difference of several hundred volts (Fig 3.18). For operation as a transmitter, a signal at the desired frequency, is fed to the plates , output voltage of amplitude not exceeding the direct potential difference. The periodic variation of the charges induces vibrations of the movable plate. For use as a receiver, the movable plate is placed in position to receive the sound waves and its consequent vibrations give rise to periodic variations of the electrical capacitance of the transducer, producing an alternating current which flows through the high resistance; the resulting alternating voltage proportional the intensity of the received sound. The electrostatic transducer in the form of the condenser microphone has long been used at audible frequencies. Diaphragm being light , inertial effects are negligible and the sensitivity remains constant over a wide frequency range. It can be used for gases and liquids as both a receiver and a transmitter at frequencies of up to about 300 kHz. 1.7 Miscellaneous Transducer Other methods of generating and receiving ultrasound involve the uses of thermal, chemical, and optical devices. The chemical changes observed in materials irradiated with ultrasound, is used as a means of detection. It is also possible to generate ultrasonic waves in a transparent medium by the crossing of two laser beams originating from a common source. There are a number of applications which make use of thermal transducers. One thermal type of transmitter is the spark-gap generator, which radiates ultrasound as a result of periodic temperature changes taking place when a high alternating voltage of a given frequency is discharged across a gap in a circuit. The hot-wire microphone, is a receiving thermal transducer,consisting of a thin wire, made from platinum and heated to just below redness. When sound waves strike the wire, it cools down by an amount directly dependent on the intensity. This is indicated by a decrease in its electrical resistance. The hot-wire microphone has been used successfully for gases at frequencies of up to 600 kHz. Ultrasonic intensities can also be measured from the rise in temperature within the beam, as shown in Figure 3.19. The heat produced by the ultrasound is absorbed by the liquid in the thermally insulated flask. Expansion of the liquid results in a rise in the level of the liquid in the graduated capillary tube, calibrated by supplying a measured amount of heat from the heating coil. The waves transmitted through the liquid are finally absorbed by the glass wool placed at the end of the vessel. Acoustic powers of from 50 mW to 30 W can be measured to an accuracy of better than 10 per cent with this device.

Le Morte D’Arthur Essay -- Character Analysis, Thomas Malory

Comparative Essay Many themes in popular literature today include a type of betrayal to others or themselves. In the story Le Morte D’Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory, a noble knight by the name of Sir Bedivere is ordered to dispose of a sword and instead secretly hides it under a tree betraying his king. In â€Å"Genesis 3† Adam’s new companion named Eve becomes too curious about a forbidden tree when talking to a serpent and disobeys god and eats it. Sir Bedivere and Eve both betray others through their greed, temptation, and ignorance; however Sir Bedivere’s betrayal to King Arthur is far greater than Eve’s betrayal to god. Greed can often influence one’s judgement as a result; Sir Bedivere and Eve are overtaken by greed during their betrayal to their masters. Sir Bedivere is noble knight that serves his beloved King Arthur, and soon is faced with a decision between a treasure and his king. Sir Bedivere’s greed is portrayed when he, â€Å"hid [the] Excalibur under the tree† (Thomas 12). Shortly after, he is exposed to the king; King Arthur becomes appalled by his noble knight and asks why he would â€Å"betray me for the richness of my sword† (Thomas 23). It is evident Sir Bedivere greed overpowered his commitment and loyalty to the king. Eve a companion of Adam in â€Å"Genesis 3† portrays her greed when she learns about the tree in the center of the garden. She becomes curious and wants to learn its powers for â€Å"gaining wisdom† (â€Å"Genesis† 6), and â€Å"she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband† (â€Å"Genesis† 6). Eve disobeys God as she does not follow the specific instructions God gives her. The more she learns about the tree, the more Eve wants to take a fruit. In the end, greed is one of many things that convinces her to betray God.... ...nd Eve both let ignorance drive their betrayal, however Sir Bedivere lack of knowledge hurt himself and the king. Eve on the other hand, had some discretion when talking to the serpent. While Sir Bedivere without thinking of the consequences, jumps on the opportunity, once again making the betrayal greater than Eve’s. Greed, temptation, and ignorance are all influences to each Sir Bedivere and Eve’s betrayal in Le Morte D’Arthur and â€Å"Genesis 3†. Both characters use these to influence to betray their masters on various levels. Throughout Le Morte D’Arthur, there is no question Sir Bedivere’s betrayal was an act of selfishness in contrast to Eve where she is simply curious about the tree in the center of the garden and is swayed by the serpent. Therefore, Sir Bedivere’s betrayal is represented at a higher level, whereas Eve’s was an act of innocent curiosity.